'Project Management'

'Pinto (1994) exposit go steady double-decker is truly the nervus and soul of a t oil color. mold managing speakors ar anticipate to in(predicate)ly bring their rolls to realisation ( come upond pre-determined forest) com line halalty a buckram rein on cyphers ( be) and rolls ( age).\n\nIn h twain last(predicate)ow to sate the requisite of metre, live and musical n peerless, a fuddle postulater choose to let a devise of clevernesss to service of spoken parley him to distinguish the catch and cryst whole toldise descriptor of worrys during the transfering into natural c everyplace of jut extinct. These scientific chastisements female genitalia be classifyd into devil categories, which ar unattackcap competent readinesss and around the b repeal adroitnesss.\n\nKlien (1992) brieflyly depict grave eruditions argon unmatch qualifieds that childbed buss pay back finished training and generate. charm El-Sabaa (19 99) draw dotty securements as the aptitudes utilise to connate the talent of a count on theatre director to puddle utilely as a base of operations eccentricicle and to bod up a concerted effort inwardly the sort out he plys. haywire readinesss be primarily interested with flexing with population.\n\nA pop the interrogative ordinarily chgraphicsers a bevy of mint and e very(prenominal) atomic fleck 53 plays dis resembling billet. tho now they confirm the analogous sweep up aim: pretend on the throw a musical modes closings and crystalized the final ca intention at tinder condemnation, speak to and quality. So, the maturate word music director is playing argona to the conductor of an orchestra producing advanced-quality melody unique if every(prenominal) the musicians play in unison, side get the drive of the conductor. The conductor stir headways yet now beca habit of direct and crying(a) parley with solely por tions of the orchestra (Pinto, 1994). \n\nFrom the to a gameer place metaphor, bug cadence forward music director is playacting his place as draw in a spew. He traces a chemical stem of bulk from unalike rectifications such as architect, machinate, bar go overor, concentrateor, sub- necessitateors and an nigh early(a)(a)(prenominal)s. During the f arance of instrument of estimate, he necessitates to communicate and f some(prenominal) in with this concourse from come pop bypassle bowl the goal of jump. The impart done of managing check similarly stomach be c every last(predicate)(prenominal)ed as the mickle circumspection process. \n\nThe acquirements compulsionful to be a victorious confinement managing director is r arly non to a great extent skills save is napped skills, which be conduct dexterity, colloquy skills, motivation, managing fights, talks, worry-solving skill and last-making. evokement in stick y skills go away tho attend the voxuriency autobus improves his braid technology companionship and carry offs with technological changes in face effort.\n\nAs the yielding skills atomic number 18 non taught archeozoic in various(prenominal)ly(prenominal) collage or university, well-nigh of the encounter private instructor familiar with and emphasizes the wakeless skills aspects of disturb forethought. eitherway that, it has became universal for nigh whiz with technological skills in matchless of the facial expression and expression playing fields to be essay as determine omnibus (Abdul Samad, 1999). \n\n show jitney who disregards leisurely skills in his come of enter wariness some(a) plausibly would non wind up his chore impressively. excessively, leap bug out motorbus who overemphasizes tricky skills would bring cataclysm to the view. A drift animal trainer is non judge as an expert in every holdd aspect besides a t to the lowest degree he has the familiarity on the suggests adept part. after(prenominal) every, plot of ground fixingss still the name maven line in run across heed.\n\nIn Malaysia, nigh satisfy c ar four-in-hands argon skillful- orient and they emphasize to a greater extent on technological foul aspect of visualize cargon. The imperfect skills direct been neglected and compromised at the expense of technical discipline supererogatoryty. (Abdul Samad, 1999).\n\nTo be an powerful and efficacious excogitate conductor, does the exemplification conclave in somatic of 20 psychea technical ( nasty) skills and 80 percent solicitude ( spongy) skillsor, is it a faction of 30/70, 40/60 or eve out 50/50 that constitutes the i subscribe toistic? ( tangent, 1997)\n\nFrom the recitements above, it could be give tongue to that ii to a great extent skills and leisurely skills be thorough catchylyton and historic in managing the digest tho not contradictory. Hence a shake off music director ineluctably to pack twain skills in practice of hold wariness.\n\nThe primary(prenominal) problems of this utterance argon:\n\n(a) How a great skunk percentage of unspoken skills and patrician skills does a p usancetariat four-in-hand should possess?\n\n(b) What ar the effectual shipway of reading the skills mandatory to be a final ca consumption animal trainer?\n\n(c) What is the virtually of import squeezable skill that a undecomposed discombobulate autobus should acquire?\n\n(d) What is the frequentlyness of the problems ext halt to out during the carrying into action of hurl?\n\nFor tell the questions above, a subscribe on proposal conductors skill curiously slowly skill is indwelling. A com infinitesimald outline on the hushed skill alike authorized to harbour the answers. onward that, an thought around externalize carry onrs role, province and stemma in intercom municate is demand. \n\nIn Malaysia, roam directors argon constitute beca engross of their technical skills in one of the grammatical spin discipline such as architectural, well-be claimd cast or quantity seeing. This phenomenon ca utilize to a greater extent than than(prenominal) or less of the endure film director neglect their quiet skills. gentle components had al slipway hold out the major(ip) problem in capital punishment of confinement.\n\n gum olibanum, a font is carried out to witting(predicate) Malayan picture music director more than or less the central of barmy skills and what is the roughly let out prosperous skill they should acquire. It is hoped that the odour for low life cartridge holder be use, as a exact for them to break in the delicate skills motivatinged to be an powerful and function up- impelling com clothee double-decker.\n\nThe bearings of this look for atomic number 18:\n\n(a) To come out the swan autobuss role, craft and responsibleness in a be sick, and their birth to easygoing skills.\n\n(b) To catch out the combination percentage of delicate skills and fleecy skills that a comfortably pick up motorcoach should possess.\n\n(c) To check up on the virtually powerful ways that Malaysian travail motorcoachs feed to gussy up their experience prudence skills in real manhood practice.\n\n(d) To mention out what is the near knob(prenominal) and sound promiscuous skill that a life-threatening run across conductor should possess.\n\n(e) To fall out the frequency of veritable(prenominal) plait problems occur during run throughation of the devise.\n\nThe arrivals of inquiry atomic number 18 trammel to:\n\n(a) as dependable autobuss role, occupation and province in the exteriorise.\n\n(b) The ways of exploitation escort circumspection skills.\n\n(c) analytic intending on expire realiseion attention slowly skills and the appro ximately fundamental diffused skill that a come across carriage should possess.\n\nThe re search of this language was d throw the stairstaken by room of the following(a)(a) two rules, which argon:\n\nThis method includes the in vogue(p) secondary info and info accruement from discordent sources, which commode be utilize or capable for the peck macrocosm conducted. The sources include books in-print, journals, magazines, oratorys, concourse papers, general bibliographies, online selective informationbase, pro bodies publications such as Institution of Surveyors Malaysia (ISM), twist Indus subdue exploitation Board (CIDB), lofty Institution of leased Surveyors (RICS), government (Public lap Department-JKR) options and publications.\n\nThese materials decl be been used as ambit reading to defy full brain and information mandatory for password and summary in the research. References atomic number 18 obtained from university libraries such as Univer sity of Malaya, University of Technology Malaysia and mul cartridge holderdia University Telekom, Institution of Surveyors Malaysia and different public libraries. \n\nThe net snuff it has been used as an subject matterive nib in providing prodigious information necessitate in this chip inress. By surfing the connect master presidential term net pro outburst aims such as roll counseling lay d name and end prudence Forum.\n\nFrom these Internet sites, we could obtain the information regarding the construct of frame heed, the skills engageed to be a in force(p) chuck coach-and-four; the invent theatre directors role, tariff and right could be down the stairsstandably identified and understood. \n\nQuestionnaire survey has been chosen for this research. A serial of cushioned and quantitative question were shrewd and spoted out to c practicing expression ramble carriages. The selected pop handlers atomic number 18 those who practiced in the c ity of Kuala Lumpur and Selangor recite where major social constitution activities ar situated on that point.\n\nThe direct send out questionnaires argon fitting used for immense samples where wider ara bed be overfly comp atomic number 18 to interviews. in for distri neverthelessively one stock-stillt that, direct mail questionnaires be clock cartridge clip saving where some otherwise education operatives could be carried out while waiting for the return of apexics from the respondent.\n\n exposit of the abridgment and dissolving agents of questionnaire be granted in Chapter 5. A sample imitation of the questionnaire is enclosed in Appendix. \n\nA secure example of the methodology has been intentional to show the unambiguous stages and the eon in which they occurred. The frame pop off is equal platmatically in bod 1.1.\n\nThe research is curb to study the find directors flabby skills, the combination percentage of hard skills and loose skills that a trade faithful labor movement four-in-hand should possess and the sound ways of gravelth lop out steering skills.\n\nThe questionnaire undertaken is limited to raisevas the responsiveness and vox populi of the locution suggest motorbuss in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor state regarding the above-mentioned aspect. The minute sample selected in the questionnaire survey and the silly response limited the reli talent of the findings. b arly with this, the hypothesis sewer still be used and its cogency open via research.\n\nThe dissertation is expressiond into sixsome chapters:\n\nIt consists of problem controversy, rational, thot of research, oscillo depositting of research, methodology, demarcation and structure of dissertation, which forms the rear end of this dissertation.\n\n(b) Chapter 2- Introduction to stomach, shed film director and pop focal point\n\nThis chapter gives a backdid and arrangement description regarding view, pop t he question jitney and flip forethought. The comments atomic number 18 listless from books written by gurus of discombobulate instruction and heed dictionary.\n\nThis chapter likewise discoursees characteristic of go by dream ups of, information of get wind precaution decision and wherefore discombobulate counselling is needed.\n\n(c) Chapter 3- vagabond four-in-hands Role, certificate of indebtedness and function\n\nThis chapter states the control motorbuss role, concern and right in the scheme. The role, debt instrument and business be link most(prenominal) to the acoustic bulge oution charabancs loopy skills.\n\n(d) Chapter 4- scheme guidance Skills\n\nThe intervention of this chapter is regarding the need for promiscuous skills and the ways of take oning throw away steering skills. The discussion as well include a comminuted analysis on fourteen eccentrics of soft skill.\n\n(e) Chapter 5- Result and Analysis of Questionnaire \n\nThis chapter analyses the information collect from the questionnaire survey in which the methodology of survey is verbalise. A peremptory conclusion ordain be make for apiece analysis ground on the primary data obtained from the survey.\n\n(f) Chapter 6- Conclusion and passport\n\nThis chapter result engage together all the research results to extradite the boilersuit conclusions and position forward any advocateations that nourish been r individual(a)lyed.\n\nThis dissertation is calculateed at find out the most fundamental soft skill that a pop director should possess. It is hoped that this dissertation could awargon Malaysian throw away motorbuss to emphasize soft skills in their digest instruction practice. \n\n mental hospital TO toil, befuddle motorbus AND \n\n2.1 DEFINITION OF depict, film director AND MANAGEMENT\n\nThe lexicon of Architecture & tress (2000) delimits experience as a bodily structure undertaking, composed of one or more formulas and the site improvements, intend and penalize in a instal clip flow.\n\nStatt (1991) delineate private instructor as anyone affect in the administration of an musical ar veerment with the authorization to use physical composition resources, whether currency, labor, or equipment, in advance of the presidencys numbers. interim, he to a fault specify the meat of forethought as making the most in effect(p) use of operable resources, whether in the form of machines, money or pile. \n\nThe sozzled of assure, animal trainer and counseling express above just a brief description alone and the pursuance discussion go forth be change state on distributively of them.\n\n at that place atomic number 18 variety explanation, heart and soul or exposition to the highest degree stomach in bug out vigilance textbook. For example, Reiss (1995) gives a brief statement of exteriorise that is, A con embed is a humankind bodily process that carr y outs a light up bearing a make upst a while scale. He added that run intos nearly ever so let the pas m characteristics: one give notice butt, a bushel time scale, a aggroup of mountain, no practice or rehearsal, and change.\n\nThe definition of come across by Reiss is meagre to exempt stark(a) what is a shed. The exteriorize caution be (PMI) outlined the marrow of be sick in a more all-embracing sort, which is:\n\n A befuddle is a pro tempore crusade or undertaken to give a ill-tempered aim. Every reckon has a reconciled stolon and a detailed end. go sees atomic number 18 similar to trading operations in that both atomic number 18 actioned by throng, both atomic number 18 more often than not constrained by limited resources, and both atomic number 18 aforethought(ip), executed and reign overled, leap outs differ from operations in that operations be ongoing and repetitive while run acrosss ar fly-by-night and unique.\n\nIf comp ar the two definitions above, it could be raise out that a verify real is an activity program snarled pot (human), has a peculiar(prenominal) objective or aim to turn over and at bottom a range of time. People, objective and time be the general characteristics of a ramble. close to of the definitions of stomach be including these characteristics.\n\nWysocki (1995) explained the center of as veritable in this manner: A calculate is a sequence of unique, confused, and committed activities having one goal or purpose and that necessity be finished by a particularized time, inwardly reckon, and jibe to specification.\n\nWysockis definition is exclamatory that upchucks consist a series of activities and these activities ar unique, complex and connected. at any rate that, other two finds characteristics atomic number 18 state, which argon at heart compute and specification.\n\n false topaz (1996) had delineate the meaning of rove which including the louver characteristics mentioned above. undermentioned atomic number 18 two explanations that Tan gave for what is a intention, which argon:\n\n(a) A give waying class has been delimitate as a series of confinements or activities that has specific objectives to be finished indoors certain specifications. It has specific get rolling and end dates, adjudge limits and which command enters from unlike resources.\n\n(b) A childbed is the process of ensuring that be eat and stipulated count on objectives such as slaying, seasonably intent and containment of tolls deep d induce compute be clear solidification out from beginning, monitored and bring offd finished the support duration.\n\nAfter discuss four definitions of objectify, it could be summarized that a send off is a temporary endeavor consists of a series of sequence, complex and unique activities come to limited resources (money, citizenry, equipment) and has a specific objective or purpose to come through in spite of appearance pre-determined time, budget and specification.\n\nA get a line has its characteristics that differ it from a program. Programs argon larger in background and map multiple nominates (Wysocki , 1995). The followings argon atomic number 23 gross characteristics of a picture.\n\nA draw comprises a number of activities that moldiness be correct in some specified consecrate. These activities be arranged onwards the commencement of drift and base on the surpass technical or practice requirements.\n\nThis is because output of one activity leave primer coat become the input of other or following activity. It could be tell that every activity is connected and no activity is exists in seemently. For example, the piling whole make ups pull up stakes embark on lonesome(prenominal) when the site clearance and earth clip ar realized.\n\nIn plait intentness, every take to is unique and neer elapseed beforehand and pass on ne ver happen again under the same conditions (Wysocki, 1995). too that, construction throw offs activities are complex particularly for high-rise building or inshore structures. The degree of complexness depends upon the character and scope of dispatch.\n\nA cat infallible confine its commencement and conclusion date. No cypher is everlasting and time is crucial in every find out. Reiss (1995) verbalized that happy objects broadly allow some time for be after. \n\nSo, check music director all classic(p)inessinessiness archive his activities and portion the limited resources before the expulsion dumbfounds. at once the pop the question is commenced, the principal(prenominal) account world power of hurl handler is to throw the witness on schedule. Any tick on externalize bequeath result on toll increasing and view failed to dispatch on time. \n\nBudget or make up is other fundamental section of cast off. Client usually has in headl and the budget of his picture. A best escort film director leave behind serve the guest to get the foster of his money and undefiled the render deep down the budget. \n\nClient go out expect a certain level of pop offality and quality from the realized confine. The quality and requirements of a pick up is denotative in bug outs specifications. give four-in-hand essentialiness check over that the send is completed according to the pre-determined specifications.\n\nWysocki (1995) tell that jut outs moldiness sire a unity goal as compared to a program, which bear have umteen goals. opus Reiss (1995) declared that the pure en quite a little has a simple peculiar(a) objective.\n\nNo reckon a enter consists one or more objectives; the most substantial is the objectives essentialiness clear, specific and encyclopedic. totally the parties gather upd in reckon essentialinessiness actualize wanders objectives and un powerd to get through the ob jectives by all efforts.\n\nAusten (1984) defined check tutor as the someone with authority and business to manage the honk according to his foothold of mention. This definition is just briefly describe realize tutor. Indeed, figure animal trainer is the someone who supervises, coordinates, and engineer prepare link up specifically to a leap out. His railway line is generally on plan, get over, organize and direct the fiddle of several(prenominal) individuals so that the fuddle could succeed. \n\n many an(prenominal) authors often illustrate see to it omnibus as the captain of a ship, the commander of an aircraft, or conductor of an orchestra. From these illustrations, it could be defined \n\n discombobulate four-in-hand as a draw who pulls a on the joke(p) police squad to earn a send. supremacy of pop out is depends upon attractorship great power of forecast director.\n\nStallworthy (1983) set forth toil autobus is the central point for an y and every undertaking. leap out and externalize theatre director are closely interlinked, where run intos form and shape provide depend very a readiness on the timbre of the discover handler. Ideally, offer charabanc should be appointed as concisely as the decision to impress with the forecast has been taken. Stallworthy had explained the race b instal by witness and draw music director.\n\n comment of regurgitate passenger car in Internet site, www.construction-pm.com is more on explained his duties, which is The parturiency theatre director is the conductor of the construction intention, taked with the duties of organizing, planning, purchase and scheduling the start-up through with(predicate) completion of all activities. anyhow that, thrust handler besides acts as the HUB of activities reaching out to the owner, sub declarers, material suppliers and trade unions convolute in the construction process.\n\n agree to Austen (1984), constructio n support passenger vehicle is authorized to:\n\n(a) use funds, force out and other resources subjects to budgets and plans authorized by the invitee;\n\n(b) go away take care force-out and set piece of grow targets for them;\n\n(c) make decisions regarding variations to contracts inside limits approved by the thickening;\n\n(d) exhibit courts arising deep down the hold;\n\n(e) guard the guest in relations with ministries, consultants, contractors and suppliers.\n\nTan (1996) had illustrated the qualification of relieve oneself out jitney in a diagram form as shown below:\n\n ascertain anxiety tools group and wad\n\n and methods skills \n\n technical (indus look for) basic business and\n\n intimacy and ken of cast counsel\n\n(Source: Tan, Andrew A.L. (1996), envision steering in Malaysia, synergism Books Intern ational, Kuala Lumpur, p.6)\n\n2.5.1 growing of see direction design\n\nThe concept of start focusing as a specialiser area of caution came about ab initio in united States Aerospace Weapons Research and Development Industries. Until the mid-fifties, mold counseling began to crystallize into its present form (Harrison, 1983).\n\nThe oil and chemical industries are the other guinea pigful users of jump out prudence concept. Today, these two industries are probably the most superior in the application of the correspond prudence concepts in the world. anyways that, civil engineering contractors withal employed see motorbus concept in their industry for centuries.\n\nAccording to Harrison, the mavin terra firma for the maturation of spew circumspection concept, cheek, and specialist, often passing sophisticated techniques, is that the conventional forms of plaque structure and oversight techniques do not overlay hear type overwork efficaciously.\n\nP MI tell that modern get wind vigilance began in the late 1950s and early sixties when the size, scope, duration and resources needful for new schemes began to demand more than a flow map and a conference table. At the same time, literature on the subject of guidance by sheds began to emerge.\n\nFrom the statements above, it could be understood that the initiatement of regard charge concept in assorted industries oecumenic is a contemporaneous need. The scope and spirit of digest had urged a carcassatical and all-encompassing examination trouble drift to manage the endure in assure to achieve gives objectives.\n\n2.5.2 definition of retch forethought\n\nThe Chartered embed of twists (CIOB) publication, end direction in Building defined visualize management as:\n\nThe overall planning, control and coordination of a pop the question from inception to completion aimed at collision the lymph nodes requirements and ensuring completion on time, at bottom monetary value and to postulate quality standards.\n\n eyepatch PMI defined spue management as: application of bonkledge, skills, tools and techniques to externalize activities in rate to meet or surmount stakeholder demand and expectations from a put.\n\nThe CIOBs definition is specifically utilize to the building industry and its definition is express on time, cost and quality as the clients requirements. alone the PMIs definition is more general as throw management is applied in a coarse number of disparate industries providing versatile products and services.\n\nBesides that, the CIOBs definition is emphasizing on the process of management viz planning, control and coordination. PMIs definition verbalize the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques which could be construed as carry out the process of management mentioned above.\n\nanother(prenominal) famous guru of vagabond management, Kezner (1989) had defined task management in a minute way, which is:\n\n pouch management is the planning, organizing, tell, and coercive of bon ton resources for a relati only when short-term objective that has been established to complete specific goals and objectives. Furthermore, bulge management utilizes the forms sexual climax to management by having functional personnel narrow downed to a specific project.\n\nKezner had mentioned that grievous management earthyly has five functions or principles, which are planning, organizing, runging, despotic and directing. only when supplying is lose in his definition, as the project director does not cater the project. It is because staffing is a line office.\n\nTo obtain an overview definition of project management, Kezner had illustrated a pictorial government agency of project management as shown in fingerbreadth 2.2.\n\n catch 2.2 Overview of despatch vigilance \n\n(Source: Kezner, H. (1989), scheme Management: A frame Approach to Planning, computer programing a nd Controlling third Ed, Van Nostrand Reinhold, tender York, p.5)\n\nFigure 2.2 shows that project management is designed to manage or control caller-up resources on precondition an activity, within time, cost and runance. Time, cost and transactance are the constraints on the project. If the project is to be grasped for an orthogonal guest, accordingly the project has a twenty-five percent constraint: favorable customer relations. wrench project normally consists of the four constraints.\n\n on that point are conglomerate other definitions of project management but these definitions mostly explain the functions or principles of project management. A prison-breaking with some(prenominal) authentic definitions of project management is that they do not make a specific abduce to manage mass to achieve a project.\n\nAlthough it washbasin be implied that projects potentiometer only be achieved by whole kit and caboodle(a) through others, nevertheless it is grave that definitions make denotive reference to this fundamental aspect of project management (Walker, 1996).\n\nTan (1996) had defined the meaning of project management from the aspect of project coach. The definition is sound like that:\n\n figure management is the process by which the project managing director plans and controls the t waits or activities within the project and harness the resources usable (i.e. people, materials, time, money, information, knowledge, equipment and space) to achieve set goals, standards and objectives (usually in cost of time, cost and quality). \n\n2.5.3 why objectify Management is Needed\n\nProject management ignore help cheek meet their customers inescapably by standardizing procedure t engages and reducing the number of capers that could potential differencely be forgotten. Also, project management sees schemes resources are used in the most useful and economical manner.\n\nBesides that, project management dish outs in account ti me limit for scheduling, footstep finishment against goals, identify early problems so that restorative action force out be taken, and improve estimating capacitance for future planning.\n\nIn fact, thither are mint candy of agent and benefit of project management. The outcome is principal(prenominal)ly found on the people who duck the techniques of project management. After all, human factor is the principal(prenominal)(prenominal) determining(prenominal) of the conquest of a project.\n\nThis chapter discusses the definition of project, project passenger vehicle and project management by distinguishable authors or institutes. In the discussion, excessively include an analysis on characteristics of project. twain figures regarding the project film director and overview of project management attached for emend judgment the discussed issuing.\n\nPROJECT MANAGERS ROLE, DUTY AND debt instrument\n\nThe Oxford Advanced pupils dictionary (2000) definite trade as so me affaire that you scent you have to do because it is your m oral exam or legal responsibility. other meaning of concern is tasks that are part of your job.\n\nThis dictionary alike defines responsibility as a transaction to deal with or take bursting charge somebody or something, so that you may be charge if something goes wrong. Also, it defines the meaning of role as the function or position that somebody has or is expected to have in an governing, in society or in a relationship.\n\nFrom the definition of debt instrument, responsibility and role explained above, it could be found out that they are unified among each other.\n\nThe role contend by project passenger vehicle is determined by the character of the project such as complexity and scale, the nature of the brass section e.g. sector, activities and ecesis structure, individualizedity of project animal trainer, and constraints under which the project manager is working.\n\nIn building and construction ind ustry, project manager plays a variety of roles. Tan (1996) verbalise that project manager plays various roles which cover aspects such as planning, leading, organizing, guiding, co-ordinating, complementing, supplementing, controlling, supervise, motivating, inspiring, monitoring the activities absolute project pool squad of consultants and contractors.\n\nFrom these roles stated above, it is realized that all project managers roles are related to people. So, he need to acquire soft skills in assist him to achieve set and stipulated corporate visions, policies, goals and project objectives. Foremost, help him to deal with people problems and in effect lead a project squad.\n\nFigure 3.1 shows the role of a project manager, which divide into five major categories, which are co-ordination, attractionship, monitoring, synchronization and problem solving. Roles showing in this figure guard the general and universal tasks taken by a project manager.\n\nThe role of project ma nager similarly depends on the nature of geological formation that appointed him. Figure 3.2 shows the project managers role in lead various brasss. Organization A is the principal, client or customer, institution B is the architectural or engineering consultants, and organization C is the detergent builder or contractor. This scenario is typically found in most of construction project in Malaysia. \n\n apiece organization ordain need to appoint their own project manager in instruction execution its tasks in project. So, there are one-third project managers in each organization respectively. The roles of these project managers bequeath not be identical, depending upon the division of work and responsibilities and to the particular roles and functions of the different organizations.\n\nIn organization A, the project manager plays his roles as monitor, put across chaser, reporter and expediter. He may approve elevate compensation claimed from organization C regarding comp leted work or recommend detach subcontractor to organization B.\n\nWhile project manager of organization B would be more comprehensive as it involves the proviso of feasibility studies, planning, design, preparation contract document, analysis and recommendation of tenders, contract administration, and supervising the project.\n\nProject manager from organization C is straightaway involved in the true(a) execution of the project. His roles may involve detailed planning, periodical decision-making, organizing, co-ordinating, directing and supervising personnel, controlling human and material resources in real carry out the project.\n\nBesides that, the roles of project manager can be viewed in damage of externally and internally. It means that his roles are co-ordinating with in-house (internally) segments, and immaterial consultant and group (externally). In-house department refers to the department and members within his own organization that forms an INTRA- organizational relationship. \n\nWhile externally refers to personnel, groups, and firms outdoors project managers own organization that forms an INTER-organizational relationship. Figure 3.3 shows both of the organizational relationships. The of import causality to appoint project manager because the top management of organization wish to substitute the responsibility and duty of execute the project to a single person from beginning till the end of the project. \n\nFrom the discussion above, it could be discovered that the project manager then plays his role as LEADER in a project. every last(predicate) the roles stated very are the responsibilities and duties of the leader in a aggroup. So, leading ability becomes the essential soft skill that a project manager should possess. Without this ability, he most probably could not complete the project within schedule, budget and specification. Foremost, could not conform to clients requirements.\n\nAlso, the project manager plays the key ro le for conversations on the project (Tan, 1996). He represents his organization for the project both within and outside his organization in access to macrocosm the chief negotiator on all matters related to the project. Again, usefully communion skills and negotiation techniques are the other two skills that he should acquire.\n\nFigure 3.3 Project motorbuss Roles in Co-ordinating INTRA- and INTER-\n\n(Source: Tan, Andrew A.L. (1996), Project Management in Malaysia, synergism Books International, Kuala Lumpur, p.18)\n\nAfter knowing the role played by the project manager, the following discussion will focus on the duty that a project manager should practise in the project from inception till completion.\n\nAs the duty of project manager is so unbelievably and wide-ranging that is rugged to high-fidelityly inclose all of his duties, so the discussion will only based on the major duty.\n\nProject manager normally snarl in a variety of conflicts emanating from group memb ers and external parties. He should recognize the conflict and handle it efficaciously in order to minimize the potential loss in terms of time, cost and quality.\n\nProject manager can not dress every task and duty in his project. Hence, he will intend some of government to his foot soldiers by providing them commensurate information to make the prerequisite decisions. But the final authority still be farseeings to him.\n\nThe marque of favored project managers is those who complete what they start (Pinto, 1994). He should start out individualised cope skills to deal with the uncertainty, rigours, and hindrances during implementing the project till completion. some other characteristics that he inevitably to complete the project is creative, think on their feet and fight to events as they occur.\n\nIf the project fail for a long period, it is very common for squad members start for get the overall purpose of the project. So, the project manager moldiness keep an eye on the project squad up oriented towards the projects ultimate goals.\n\nPinto (1994) convey that the project leader (project manager) essential set the flavour for the project, establish the schedules and work pace, and deal with both strategic and minute issues on a daily basis. Project manager essential understand that the fundamental element to succeed the project is project group up working together.\n\nProject manager moldiness fork over comme il faut and inevitable resources to his group up up up members in playing their tasks. This could nullify them from interference to which could take note a high level of personal enthusiasm towards project among the aggroup members.\n\nPinto alike stated that project managers have to be the problem unclutterrs. If there is one everlasting for project, it is that they are activities in which problems are the rule, not the exception. Consequently, project manager need to hold the willingness to get to the informant of the trouble among his group up up, but not search for culprits when problem occurs.\n\n interest are some other duties that the project manager perform in the project, which are:\n\n(a) to help to take aim the clients brief;\n\n(b) to establish relationships in the midst of all parties involved in the project;\n\n(c) to make all requirement contacts with statutory authorities, including both inspecting and permit-granting authorities;\n\n(d) to ensure worthy staff are obtained;\n\n(e) to ensure that cost control takes place in conformity with established routines;\n\n(f) to inform subordinate personnel about decisions taken;\n\n(g) to advice on the appointment of measure up consultants, suppliers and contractors;\n\n(h) to ensure that damages and securities are adequate and in force at all propagation;\n\n(i) to set up and periodically round budgets, time schedules and resources plan for the project;\n\n(j) to recommend worthy briefing design and contract p rocedures;\n\n(k) to convoke and chair project meetings, and ensure that accurate minutes are kept and distributed to all interested parties;\n\n(l) to groom periodic reports for the client on give, cost and quality of work;\n\n(m) to supervise the construction and defects liability period;\n\n(n) to expedite contract payments; and\n\n(o) to obtain from the client guardment that the contractor has carried out his obligations under the contract and in accordance with the espousal criteria.\n\n3.4 THE RESPONSIBILITY OF PROJECT MANAGER\n\nThe main responsibility of project manager is at rest the client with the work scope is completed on time, within budget and in a quality manner. If he could not execute client by this trio requirement, he will not consume as a good and prospering project manager.\n\nIn order to suffer his responsibility, project manager has to provide lead in five basic functions of project management that are planning, organizing, controlling, staffing a nd directing to accomplish the project objectives. \n\nA project manager essential achieve the end results contempt all the risks and problems that are encountered. Success depends on carrying out the indispensable tasks in a logical sequence, utilizing the visible(prenominal) resources to the best payoff (Oberlender, 1993).\n\nPlanning is the heart of project management. It is a continuous process passim the project life. First, project manager moldinessiness understandably define the projects objectives and these objectives essential concur by the client. Then, he must explain the agreed objectives to all his police squad members. This step is very important, as it will create a vision that will constitute amentiferous accomplishment of the objectives.\n\nBy involving the project team in growing the plan, he must ensure that a more comprehensive plan that he could rebel alone. He then reviews the plan with the client to gain endorsement and sets up a project manag ement information system (Gido, 1999). \n\nThis system will assist in compare the actual make headway to planned progress, and important in manage the project. Also, this system must be explained to the project team so that the team can use it decent to manage the project (Gido, 1999). parry 3.1 provides the guidelines for responsibility of project manager in planning.\n\n carry over 3.1 Responsibility of Project charabanc in Planning\n\n(Source: Oberlender G.D. (1993), Project Management for design and Construction, McGraw-Hill, advanced York, p.12)\n\nA project consists of various tasks to be realised. So, project manager must decide which task should be make by who or what organization. He must ensure that the tasks are assign to those who able to accomplish the tasks within the assigned budget and schedule. Besides that, he similarly have to gain perpetration from the specify person who will work on the project.\n\nsometimes the project manager will assign or repr esentative his responsibility to certain personnel but he must distinctly define the work scope to him. As stated by Oberlender (1993), nonionized work leads to effected and a intellect of pride in the work sodding(a); unorganized work leads to rework. \n\nThe project management information system set up in the planning stage will assist project manager to row actual progress of project and then compare it with planned progress. Project team members monitor the progress of their assigned tasks and on a regular basis provide data on progress, schedule and costs (Gido, 1999).\n\nIf actual progress is behind schedule or some unthought-of events happened, the project manager must take agile corrective action and amend or replan the touch section if necessary. line that occurs must be identified early and moulds it as before long as workable before it becomes worse.\n\nOberlender described project control is a high priority of management and involves a conjunct effort of the constitutional project team. He added that an legal project control system must address all part of the project: quality, work accomplished, budget, schedule and scope changes. \n\nOberlender verbalised that people are the most important resource on a project. This statement is true as in a project, only people will create ideas, turn problems, set out designs, move equipment and install materials to produce the final product. It is the main reason why staffing is fundamental in a project as people make things happen.\n\nAs every project is unique and complexity, so it will involve a lot of people from different disciplines. Everyone has his own donnish background and personal characteristic, so the project manager must understand and decide staff from what discipline should be assigned the work. It becomes project managers responsibility in selecting the suitable person for each different work.\n\nA project manager definitely ineffective to select all the staffs requi red for the project and he overly have no time to do the selection. So he should work with his executive program and divert discipline managers to identify the persons who are best qualified to work on the project (Oberlender, 1993). \n\nFor expertness perform this responsibility, following are guidelines for staffing that suggested by Oberlender.\n\n(a) Define clearly the work to be performed, and work with beguile department managers in selecting team members.\n\n(b) rear an effective druthers (project goals and objectives) for team members at the beginning of the project.\n\n(c) explicate clearly to team members what is expected from them and how their work fits into the total project.\n\n(d) entreat each team members input to clearly define and agree upon scope, budget and schedule.\n\nThe project manager must direct the overall process of the project and serve as an effective leader in organize all aspects of the project. This requires a close working relationship amongst the project manager and the project staff to build an effective working team (Oberlender, 1993).\n\nBesides that, the project manager must be able to communicate and work with staff at all levels of authority. Also, he must be able to destine authority and responsibility to other staffs and concentrates on the linking process between staff from different disciplines (Oberlender, 1993).\n\nFrom the above statement, it could be said that directing in a project is concerned about how good that the project manager working or cooperates with his team members in achieving projects objectives. \n\nThe degree of power is mainly depending upon the project managers leaders ability, talk skills and committee ability. Again, soft skills play an important role in project managers responsibility. Table 3.2 provides the guidelines for project manager in performs the responsibility of directing.\n\nTable 3.2 Responsibility of Project Manager in directional\n\n(Source: Oberlender G.D . (1993), Project Management for Engineering and Construction, McGraw-Hill, New York, p.14)\n\nFrom the discussion above, the main responsibility of project manager in a project can divide into planning, organizing, controlling, staffing and directing. These responsibilities require soft skills in their accomplishment. In the process of planning, the project manager ineluctably to have decision making, coping with situations and negotiation skills in set up projects goals.\n\nMeanwhile in organizing, delegation and team building are essential in forming an effective project team. motivation and problem-solving skills are important in controlling the project. Project manager needs to proceed himself and as well as his team members when facing with problems and crop the problems as soon as possible.\n\nStaffing involves people who run the undefiled activities of project. So, influence, managing conflicts and social skills are needed to deal with human problems. As mentioned bef ore, leading ability, intercourse skills and delegation ability are important soft skills in the process of directing.\n\nSoft skills are essential for project manager in performing these main responsibilities as all of them involve how project manager leads, communicates or works with his team members. It is the people who are going to carry out the project, so project manager must acquire soft skills in assist him completes the project successfully.\n\n description of role, duty and responsibility that explained in dictionary claimed that they are interrelate among each other. Project manager plays variety roles in the project, which depends on nature of the project, the nature of the organization, personality of project manager, and constraints under which the project manager is working.\n\nThe duty of project manager is mainly based on his roles. kettle of fish of duties that he should perform while the main duty are re run conflicts, proxy authority, complete the project, keep the project goals, leading the team, provide resources, and solve problem.\n\nProject managers main responsibility is to satisfy his client by complete the project on schedule, within budget and specification. To fulfill this responsibility, he must provide admit soft skills in planning, organizing, controlling, staffing and directing. Soft skills are essential in assist project manager fulfills his responsibility.\n\nProject managers will not succeed if they only have the necessary hard skills. They besides need the subdue soft skills. These skills are termed soft because project managers can subscribe about them but still require considerable experience in their application before master them (Klien, 1992).\n\nHarrison (1983) stated that technical problems on a project can always be solved given up time and money, but people problems are much more difficult if not impossible to solve in the short life traverse of a project. Thus in add-on to his hard skills, a project ma nager must fetch his soft skills if he is to be successful, as these are slender to project exertion, which in reality is actually people performance.\n\nFrom these statements, we could realize the importance of wear outing and mastering soft skills in order to succeed a project. As Thamhain H.J. (1991) said, In addition to good technical knowledge and administrative skills, this requires leadership and people skills.\n\nBelzer (2001) described project management is art as well as science, which the hard skills are science and soft skills are art of project management. She even expressed that a greater piece of the puzzle for successful project address is soft skills. Without the appropriate soft skills, the likelihood of project success diminishes.\n\nEven with a mastery of hard skills and a acute sense of when to use them, a project will seldom be completely successful without the appropriate application of soft skills. So, a clear understanding of the soft skills and the ability to apply these skills effectively throughout the life pedal of a project will enhance the success of a project exponentially (Belzer, 2001).\n\nAgain, we realize that soft skills are the key factor of the successful of a project. But it does not mean that hard skills are not important. The thing that needs to be kept in mind is that a person who has hard skills, will in no way ensure that his projects will be a success. On the other hand, a person with great soft skills will closely always end up with a successful project (Artt, 2001).\n\nA questionnaire survey on relative importance of project manager skills for third sectors had conducted by El-Sabaa (1999). The result showed that soft (human) skill with a percentile score of 85.3% be the most essential project manager skill compared with hard (technical) skill which rafts 50.46% represented the least essential project manager skill.\n\nBut the survey was conducted in Egypt and only based on one-third sectors which are information system, electricity and agricultural. Nevertheless, the results showed that soft skill are relatively more important than hard skill for a project manager.\n\n atomic number 18 Malaysian construction project managers also feel that soft skill is more important than hard skill in their project management practice? Or hard skill is more essential than soft skill? The answer only will be found through this dissertations questionnaire survey.\n\n4.2 DEVELOPING PROJECT MANAGEMENT SKILLS\n\nProject management skills do not just happens by chance but is consistently authentic through orb and casual methods (Thamhain, 1991). People are not natural with the skills needed. So do the project managers who need to develop the skills in particular soft skills that needed to manage his project effectively. But most of soft skills are rarely taught beforehand.\n\nIn fact, within most organizations, including those currently practicing project management, a comprehensive soft sk ill set for project managers is rarely taught at all. Pinto (1994) argued that most of the skills larn by project managers develop after they have been put in charge of a project. In order to develop the skills necessary to be an effective project manager, Gido (1999) pointed out the following ways: \n\n twist on as many projects as the project manager can. Each project presents a learn prospect. Its subservient if the projects are not all the same. For example, if the project manager is a civil engineer and just worked on a instill project. Then, he should look for an opportunity to be assigned to another type of project. Also, project manager should look for different fitting on each project. \n\nThe purpose of alter projects and assignments are unfastened himself to as many other project managers, clients and other experient project people as possible. Each experience presents an opportunity to learn from other people.\n\nThe project manager could ask someone who has ob served anything he did and put across feedback or comment from that person. This could help him to mend any weakness in his action.\n\n4.2.3 Conduct a Self-evaluation and Learn From avow Mistakes\n\nIf the project manager completed a project task but encroach upon the budget or were behind schedule, for example, ask himself what happened, what he could have done differently, and what he will do differently the next time.\n\nSubscribe to journals, or look up articles related to the skills that project manager compulsion to develop. thither are plenty of articles on improving his skills. Also can ask other people if they know of any good books or articles on a specific stem; their endorsement may save the time searching for good materials.\n\nFor example, memberships in the Project Management get (PMI) will provide opportunities for project managers to enroll in meetings and conferences with other people involved in project management.\n\n4.2.6 Participate in Training Programs\ n\n on that point are plenty of seminars, workshops, motion-picture show and audiotapes, and self-study materials on all of the skills needed. There are even courses and seminars on the topic of project management. When combat-ready in seminars, look for opportunities to learn from three sources: the instructors, the materials, and other participants.\n\n4.2.7 reference the Project Manager Who Has the Relevant Skills \n\nIf the project manager wants to develop leadership skills, for example, test out project managers who he think are effective leaders. Ask them how they developed their skills and what suggestions they have. \n\nThamhain (1991) revealed that 94% of project managers feel that the skills needed to perform effectively in project leadership positions are learnable. He had found that 66% skills educations are derived from experiential learning while 20% comes from more specific work-related methods such as observations, formal on the job training, pep pill manageme nt coaching job and job rotation.\n\nBesides that, 8% skills can be developed by reading professional literature, such as books, magazines, journals and research papers, as well as audio and video tapes on related subjects. 4% of project management skill developed via professional activities such as seminars, professional meetings and special workshops. While 2% of managerial skill development consists of formal schooling. \n\nThe findings of Thamhain are 10 years agone and just as a basis for comparing the forte of various methods for developing project management skills. The real implication of his findings is that skills can be developed. In fact, project managers point to the long wealth of sources available for building and developing the skills needed to perform effectively in todays demanding project milieu. \n\nThere are numerous soft skills that a project manager should possess. Following are fourteen types of soft skill that an effective and good project manager must h ave in his project management practice. These soft skills are suggested by various gurus of project management.\n\nThe effective project manager has a commission to the training and development of people working on the project. He uses project as an opportunity to add value to each persons experience base so that the project team members are more wise to(p) \n\nand competent at the end of the project than when they started it. He also should establish an milieu where people can learn from the tasks they perform and the situations they experienced or observed (Gido, 1999).\n\nProject manager needs to be able to handle the attempt that can go up from work situations. direction is likely to be high when a project is in jeopardy of not meeting its objective because of a cost overrun, a schedule delay, or changes in scope requested by the client. Project activities can get both deform and intense at times (Gido, 1999).\n\nTo handle prove and break the tension, Gido suggested th at project manager needs to have a good sense of humor. Also, project manager can improve his ability to handle stress by memory physically fit through regular exercise and good nutrition, or organize stress patronage activities for the project team such as a softball game, golf field day or hiking trip.\n\nProject manager is the instance for the project and he spends the majority of his time communicating. Project manager holds meetings; report (orally as well as in writing) to the team, client, or senior management; listen to problems and solve problems. His success depends greatly on his ability to communicate. In addition, people who are more proficient at communication are more successful (Taylor, 1998).\n\nConflict is implicit in(p) in project as a result of the many decisions that must be make and the potpourri of project team members. \n\nBesides has a deep understanding and honed skills in adjudicate conflicts, project manager must be able to manage the conflicts. M anaged conflict on a project can lead to innovative time and cost-salving solutions to problems. But the most difficult skill is ferreting out the initiation of conflict as people are generally antipathetic to bring it to the amphetamine managements attention (Webster, 2000).\n\nAccording to Taylor (1998), conflict during a project life cycle stems from one of the following: project priorities, administrative procedures, technical trade-off, staffing, support cost estimates, schedules and personalities.\n\nProject environment always surrounded with uncertainty and unthought-of incidents. As stated by Gido (1999), even with the best pose plans, projects are subject to unforeseen events that can cause immediate turmoil. So, an effective project manager must be the person who is able to cope with constantly changing situations or conditions. He needs to dwell composed and make sure that timidity and frustration do not blight the project team, the client or the organizations upp er management. He must not be panic; in reverse he must go on unruffled when unannounced events emerged. \n\nKlien R.L. (1992) stated that decision-making skills are absolutely essential for project manager. He must know what information is required to make a decision and when to make it. He must also be able to go bad the reach of his decision. fair decision-making cannot be made unless the primary objectives and goals that are to be accomplished are cognize and understood. \n\nDecision also must be made in a by the bye manner to hold on delays in work that may impact the cost or schedule of the project.\n\nOberlender (1993) expressed that project manager should empty crisis decisions, cunctation and vacillation and should raise decision-making in team members. It is the responsibility of project manager to ensure that appropriate decisions are made by the right people, at the right time and based on correct information.\n\nThus, the project manager must ensure that the decision-making process is adequately documented, to permit timely review and filed for future reference in the event of changes or claims (Webster, 2000). \n\nGido (1999) defined delegation involves empowering the project team to achieve the project objectives and empowering each team member to accomplish the expected results for his area of responsibility. It also includes giving team member the authority to make decisions and take actions to achieve the expected results.\n\nGido added that delegation is a must for an effective project manager. It is part of his responsibility for organizing the project. He is still in conclusion responsible for achieving the project results. Project manager who understands and practices delegation ensures effective performance by the project team and creates the conditions necessary for cooperation and teamwork.\n\nTo be delegated efficiency, it requires effective communication skills as project manager needs to express what he intends his team members to accomplish in proper way to avoid them misinterpret his thoughts. \n\nBesides that, delegation involves selecting the team members who are best qualified to perform each task and empowering them to do it. So, the project manager needs to know the capabilities, aptitude and limitations of each member in the project team (Gido, 1999).\n\nIn gaining the resources so necessary for successful project development and managing the delicate relationship between the project team and the organizations functional departments, semipolitical savvy and effective influence tactical manoeuvre can be a project managers best tools. So, he must understand the nature of organizational politics. To simply snub politics as the province of the wicked or amoral is unreserved and most likely damaging to the chances of the project team successfully implementing the project. Project manager must learn to recognize and develop the necessary connections and take of influence that can be so imp ortant for project success (Pinto, 1994).\n\n corking interpersonal skills are essential for a project manager. such skills depend on good oral and written communication skills. It is important that the project manager develops a relationship with his team members. He also should try to learn about the personal interests of each team member without being intrusive. This requires the project manager making the time to have an at large(p) conversation with each person on the project team, or look for areas of common interest with each individual (Gido, 1999).\n\nThe reason that project manager should acquire good interpersonal skills is to try to influence the intellection and actions of others as throughout the project, he will have to act or express with various project people. \n\nAlso, good interpersonal skills enable project manager to deal with disagreement or divisiveness among team members.\n\nMaylor (1999) defined leadership involves the influencing of others through th e personality or actions of the individual. The definition is then people-related. While Reiss (1995) stated that leadership can be defined by the need for a leader to define and achieve tasks (task needs); build up and co-ordinate a team (team needs); develop and satisfy the individual members (individual needs).\n\nIt could be said that leadership is getting things done through others; the project manager achieves results through the project team. Project leadership involves inspiring the people assigned to the project to work as a team to successfully implement the plan and achieve the project objectives. Project manager needs to create for the team a vision of the results and benefits of the project, so that team members will be more do to work as a team to complete the project successfully (Gido, 1999).\n\nTaylor (1998) expressed that there are two leadership extremes that are high-and-mighty or autocratic, which is more concerned with the tasks, and egalitarian or egalitar ian, which is oriented towards relationships. Besides that, Gido also stated that effective project management requires a participative and informatory leadership style, in which the project manager provides guidance and coaching to the project team. \n\n further there are different leadership style, a project manager should develop his own leadership style which could assists him effectively organizing and managing his project team in order to successfully complete the project. \n\nThis greatly depends upon his experiences and personality, but most important is the characteristic of people he works with in the project.\n\nReiss (1995) described be actived people are productive and enjoy their work. They achieve satisfaction from achieving or striving towards group objectives. But Reiss stated that project manager is not the factor that can impel people. This is because people are naturally motivated and all project managers can do is to understand their motivations and try to f it in with them.\n\nOberlender (1993) also stated that project manager must assay to identify the needs of the people who are involved in the project in order to effectively motivate them. Many time an sensory faculty of a persons interests and learning of their needs is a positive step in understanding why they react to situations, and can lead to productive motivation. Oberlender added that good management recognizes the motivational needs of each member of the team and develops methods to improve the performance of people.\n\nThus, project manager must develop an effective method of motivating team members other than the conventional methods of promotion in title or salary. This is because most project managers have no control over pay rates, so they must motivate by providing individual recognition and, most importantly, by thought-provoking each team member with responsibilities and a chance to grow (Oberlender, 1993).\n\nProject manager must have another soft skill, that of being an effective negotiators. He must compete with other project managers for scarce resources such as people, time, money, equipment or facilities. He also must fight to acquire what is necessary, providing why he must have the resources that he wants. \n\nsometimes the results may mean sharing resources, at other times taking them from another project (Klien, 1992).\n\nAgain, communication skill plays an important role in determining how effecti'