Applied managment & theory - xerox case study Assignment

Applied managment & theory - xerox case study - Assignment ExampleIn order to analyse the change of management in Xerox, it is necessary to adopt many management theories to analyse friction by friction. PEST analysis, comprising of Political, Economical, sociocultural and expert factors, harmonize to which the marketing environment is made up of three aspects, internal environment, micro environment, macro environment etc. The internal environment consists of staff that is also called internal customers, office technology, wages and finance etc. Micro environment is external customers, agents and distributors, suppliers, out competitors etc. Macro environment consists of Political and legal forces, frugal forces, sociocultural forces and technological forces etc. PEST is concerned only with the Macro Environment, which is concerned with the carrefourion of the company.The first is efficiency in the production of a assumption set of outputs. That is, with a given capital stock a given technology and a given set of resource prices, firms should be producing goods and services with a minimum expenditure of the economys resources, (Cyert, 1988, p.36).Xerox had to overcome many problems while going through Change Management. It could not compete with the Japanese competitors because of high manufacturing cost. Internal burnish and leadership suffered repayable to mindsets bordering towards complacent inertia. But later, leadership went through an immense transformation that led to the present enviable state of the company. It improved the quality of its products and the makeup turned the corner. In 1990s, Xerox introduced digital photocopiers, high-end laser printers with attached scanners and these products made Xerox march ahead of its competitors in this mercurial field. Xerox worked to turn its product into a service, providing a complete document service to companies including supply, maintenance, configuration and user support.http//en.wikipedia.org/w iki/XeroxXerox created excellent name for itself in the employment front as well. Company received 100% military rank on the first Corporate Equality Index from the Human Rights Campaign in 2002. They have maintained this rating in 2003, 2004, 2005. Xerox has been recognized by a number of other organizations for its diversity leadership as well. Ibid. As far as the semipolitical factors are concerned, the political scenario has a very large influence on business. It depends on the stability of the political environment, how could the tax regulation going to affect the company, what could be the Governments stand in marketing ethics, governments economic and industrial policy etc. It also depends on its religious or secular policies and if they are religion point enough to disturb other cultures or if there are any regional or international agreements and compulsions. Xerox did not face many problems due to political problems in home country, but it must have faced problems in ot her countries like Asian Specific countries, and to some extent, in India. But, according to a recent article (Cordtz, 1974, Xerox is moving into an awkward agethe company resembles a muscular adolescent who has grown so fast that he finds it surd to coordinate his newly acquired strength (page 117) (Burke, 1977, p.22).In economic factors deal with market trends, economic predictions, theories of long and short term both, international market trend, any future national and

Modern Architecture and Modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Modern Architecture and Modernity - Essay ExampleModernists in architecture ignored existing material, eliminating them on the basis that they were noncurrent and impediments to true creativity and progress. The architecture of Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) is acclaimed for its distinctive nature and farsightedness. He is renowned as an American visionary, and an intellecutal of our times. The architect is a key innovator of the twentieth century in the fields of designing, architecture, engineering, invention, and philosophy (Gorman 2005). The new(prenominal) contemporary architect in this study is Oscar Niemeyer (born 1907) the Brazilian modernist, whose creativity aimed at reflecting his countrys progress. thesis Statement The purpose of this paper is to investigate the theme of Progress in the modernist work of the two architects Buckminster Fuller and Oscar Niemeyer. A detailed examination of three buildings created by each architect, and of their concepts of progress in bui lding the future of cities, will be done. BUCKMINSTER FULLERS DEPICTION OF PROGRESS IN MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE Buckminster Fullers architecture found on modernism was distinctive in style. He invented the geodesic dome and the octet truss, as well as a considerable range of other paradigm-shifting machines and structural systems (Levine, Chaisuparasmikul, Yan arlla et al, 2011). He was particularly interested in high-strength-to-weight designs with a minimum of material creating the maximum of utility. His designs, and various principles including his engineering philosophy based on the trim yellow journalism principle, are progressive and intended to create a sustainable and modern urban landscape. Even today, contemporary high-tech design aesthetics are based on Fullers designs and engineering principles. The architects philosophical analogy of being a Trim Tab or instrument of big ships, for improving the way the world works is a unique one. A trim tab is a small rudder used to turn the bigger rudder of big ships, offering tremendous leverage in terms of steering and changing the direction of the ship (Gabel & Walker 2006). Thus, the trim tab, according to Buckminster Fuller is a powerful metaphor for effective individual leadership, denoting that small and appropriate interventions are capable of leading to large-scale and profound progress. Fuller followed the principle of the trim tab in his own work, producing crucial innovations to aid further architectural developments. Fullers Philosophical Vision Related to Mobile Homes Among Buckminster Fullers sophisticated architectural projects are his mass produced homes, and transportable mobile houses as well as geodesic domes. For example, his geodesic domes have actually been airlifted by military helicopters. His buildings were characterized by their light weight and self sufficiency which facilitated travel, and could thereby cause tranformation in human behavior. The mobility and change of places would help people rid themselves of self-created boundaries between various regions, and other differentiations and discriminations, as well as help them achieve a more secular future of global unity (Gorman 2005). Buckminster Fullers prime intention was to design and construct an autonomous and practical individual home that could be transported by helicopter wherever the owner wished to move. This pertained to Fullers decision to cite the world work for one hundred percent of humanity, in the shortest

Cause & Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cause & Effect - Essay ExampleAlexie Shermans book, Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian is base on experiences that relate to poignant drawings reflecting on peoples behavior in art. Practice makes perfect can be well related to whereby well-ordered practice increases the likelihood of better performance among students. Alexi (2009), points out that improved performance correlates to action of Alexie in his book, which propelled him to winning numerous accolades such as the National check Awards in 2007 for Young Peoples Literature.Dylon Porlas attends Prep School in 2008-2009 where he earns a letter of admission in the schools football club as a senior. Porlas gets elected in as an MVP for two consecutive seasons. Dylons achievements include leading the school team to a convention and the San Diego sections crown. Dylon recorded a sterling performance score in the ratio of 103. Among other colleagues, he helped form Pop Warner football club in 2006. Participating in club s, and other performances in various fields help one in earning a living as well as acquiring a good reputation in the society.In the article, Reynolds argues that children who take part in regular exercise are able to absorb and retain development well. Regular exercise translates into high alertness and concentration. Routine practice happens efficiently compared teens who do not take part in sports. Because, actions involving physical agility helps unripened Native Americans stay alert at home and school. Because of a students unique background, engaging in baseball improves their social skills and lessens boredom.It clear that a success in sports encourages young people to improve their confidence. As time is constantly changing, young persons have been able to build their self-worth through sports which instills a whizz of discipline and commitment. Sports nurtures a young persons innate social instincts and help them to become better. Social instincts enables them in

Woodlands Community Center Corporation Case Analysis Essay Example for Free

Woodlands Community Center Corporation Case Analysis EssayThe Woodland Community Center Cooperation (WCCC) had been open in 1926 by a complaisant constituteer who thought that Woodland, an East Coast seaport town, would benefit from a variety of mixer and hu musical composition services. Alain Yates, the age bulky serving executive director, was a long standing icon in the organization for many years, and due to a mixture of longevity and assertion, had shaped the organizational enculturation of the confidence during his time of leadership.He had established a culture that didnt necessarily reward what would be considered the norm much(prenominal) has hard take and excellence. Instead he rewarded seniority and loyalty to the organization, and above all, loyalty to him. Employees advanced through becoming Yates pet employees, and received perks such as parking and dear(predicate) trips to out of state conferences. This preferential demeanour created a rift within the organization and its employees. If throng complained, then they were slowly trickled out by Yates, and replaced by much loyal employees.After 25 years of service, Yates retired, and while naming his suggestion for a successor, the board quickly and surprisingly undermined his influence and hired Fred ho manipulation. Fred was a man of substance and experience, and they penuryed roughlyone to come in and non only change he organizational culture, but improve it. Freds wife had rede against taking this appointment, yet Fred took on the scrap, and in this case analysis we meet Fred just as he is beginning to take in the breadth of this challenge. agreement culture at Woodland Community Center Corporation was based on the values imposed by Yates.He believed that seniority was sacrosanct, and neither creative thinking nor hard work replaced it (McShane 539). This created a dominant organizational culture that believed that loyalty to Alan Yates was all that mattered, considerin g that the employees enjoyed a secure work environment as few employees ere fire for poor work ethic. The key to employee survival and its attendant rewards was loyalty, non competency. Furthermore, loyalty was the sole way to advance in the agency or to receive succumb increases for the agencys over 100 employees (McShane 539).As Yates continued his tenure, the organization was becoming more incestuous and a breeding ground for a groupthink mentality. the agency had one characteristic in common they swore undying loyalty to Yates (McShane 539). Although Yates dominated the organizational culture with his own values, there was still a certain subculture that argue him. The employees who were not impressed by Yates created the counterculture considering that they directly opposed the dominant values in the organization.They act to maintain the organizations standards of performance and ethical behavior as one employee stated we are committed to working for the betterment of the agency and its clients, and we leave stay despite Yates preferential treatment of pet employees (McShane 539). They tried to maintain the values that kept the firm aligned with the needs of the society and other stakeholders. The subculture opposed to Yates could have been helpful in changing the dominant culture upon his retirement, but the executive director was able to suppress it over time.Employees that were part of the subculture began to retire of slowly trickle out because they could not longer tolerate consumption injustices (McShane 540). Each employee that left would then be replaced by a loyal Yates supporter, which do in the more touchy for the New Executive Director Fred house to change contaminated culture. In reading about organizational cultures, our text places images of strong, adaptive cultures. Cultures where the employees strive to improve customer focalisation and carry on long standing traditions that have carried the success of the companies.However, in this weeks case study, we find a great example of what a weak organizational social structure is. Alan Yates has instilled a weak organizational culture during his tenure at WCCC. While at WCCC Alan Yates has allowed an organization culture that has slide by from customer services and has not become adaptive. The organizational culture has become one were loyalty and servitude has more value than ability and knowledge. The key to employee survival and its attendant rewards was loyalty, not competency (McShane 539).From this quote, it is clean to see that Alan Yates has created a culture of yes people, loyal to him and unable to correctly serve their client base. Furthermore, the organizational culture is being eroded as adaptive employees appropriate the company (McShane 467). As stated before, the organizational culture is further weakened by Mr. Yates as more experienced and adaptive employees are alienated and replaced by in-crowd employees. As the experienced employees le ave, they erode the company by taking away many of the rituals, legends and ceremonies of the company (McShane 464).As the more experienced employees leave the company, many of the rituals, legends and ceremonies that had made WCCC successful will be lost, as they will be lost in the transition to new employees. The text also describes the three important functions of a strong culture, Control system, Social glue and Sense making (McShane 466). Again, it is interesting to see how a weak organizational culture works. Looking at WCCCs control system with Mr. Yates, it is evident that a deeply embedded form of social control that influences employee decisions and behavior is present in the company (McShane 466).The only fuss is the control system is too strong and influential. An example from the case study cites Both, regardless of how they arrived at the agency, had one characteristic in common They swore loyalty to Yates (McShane 540). As more employees became loyal to Yates, the control system became to strong. The weakest part of the culture is tied to the social glue (McShane 466). Organizational culture is the social glue that bonds people unitedly and makes them feel part of the organizational experience (McShane 466). The case study talks of a growing rift among employees that are loyal or not to Yates (McShane 539).The organizational culture suffers from a split in the employees as more experienced employees feel left out by Yates. This effectively shows a lack of social glue within the organizational culture of WCCC. Overall, it is easy to see that the organizational culture during Mr. Yates tenure has been significantly decreased at WCCC. The company lacks any social glue that could improve employee moral and it further harmed by the overbearing control of Mr. Yates. During his 25 year stay at WCCC, Mr. Yates has turned the organizational culture to postal code more than a yes culture.Fred chamber is salutary aware how much organizational change i s needed at the Woodland Community Center Corporation. There are both driving and res raising forces for change found in this case which will make Fred Chambers new position of executive director a difficult one. It is his goal to effectively manage these forces in order to successfully point the Woodland Community Center Corporation into a new direction. Alain Yates left a divided and unhappy workforce for Fred Chambers to fix. Yates had encouraged policies of double standards that de-motivated some long-term and industrious agency employees. (McShane 532)Yates had his favorite employees and those who were within his inner circle. Certain people had reserved parking spots, whereas others had to park far away and take the long walk to the building from their car in inclement weather. Others were not allowed to go to training sessions to further their knowledge while they stood buy and watched certain employees go to expensive out of state conferences.Yatess actions resulted in a sm all but noted agency fissure that led to a growing rift between employees who sought to excel and those who just got by on their loyalty. ( McShane 532) Employees wanted to be rewarded for their work ethic and not their loyalty. People would no longer go the extra mile if they werent in Yatess inner circle. This is a definite driving force for change. Fair and equal treatment needs to be implemented throughout the corporation. Despite all of the negative practices that Alain Yates implemented, those employees who were not treated fairly did not leave WCCC. They were paid very well and had a admit to help the clients that the agency worked with. Eventually, most of these employees left and were replaced by loyal supporters of Yates.Chambers needs to drive home that sense of loyalty to Woodland Community Center Corporations clients to those employees who remained despite not being in Yatess inner circle. These employees need to still be competitively paid and reassured that their wo rk will be appreciated. On the other hand, most of the employees of WCCC are loyal to Alain Yates and Fred Chambers will have an up road battle to convince the supporters of Yates that he will do a great job. Fred Chambers will most likely slip many restraining forces for change.In some situations employees may be worried about the consequences of change, such as how the new conditions will take away their power and status. In other situations, employees show resistance because of concerns about the process of change itself, such as the effort required to break old habits and learn new skills. (McShane 490) Fred Chambers needs to set a standard of equality. Yatess inner circle no longer exists, and these employees need to know that they have to step up to the challenge and prove themselves.One resistance to change is the fear of the unknown. Employees do not know what is in stored for them. People resist change out of worry that they cannot chastise to the new work requirements. ( McShane 491) Workers might not have performed up to their potential because they were favored by Yates. Another resistance to change is when a routine is broken. This essence employees need to abandon behavioral routines that are no longer appropriate. (McShane 491) Employees will not be used to the style of Fred Chambers. He most likely wants to do things differently, and they will have to adjust accordingly. Fred Chambers needs to approach organizational change from an evolutionary perspective.Alain Yates had run the WCCC for twenty five years. Many of the employees had been there for a long time and have been accustomed to his leadership style. Fred Chambers needs to implement certain changes right away, but at the same time, one does not want to rock the boat too much. He must create a more equal and level playing field for all employees. Chambers must gain the trust of all his workers and prove to them that he is dedicated to them, the organization, and most importantly, the c ompanys clients. By being too aggressive in his actions, Chambers will not give off a good impression and turn a lot of people off.He needs to use tact and apply his experiences to his new position. Over the next year or two, employees will realize that they are valued by the work they do and not by the personal connections they may have. Fred Chambers is required to make a lot of changes, and to convince a staff who has been conditioned to be loyal to a man who is no longer at the helm of the ship. Additionally, it seems that decisions had been made that werent pro-business, only pro-Yates. These will need to be reversed, which will naturally result in push back from the employees who had had these perks-who wants to give up a good parking spot?We believe that change unfeignedly needs to begin at the arse with the employees. First, Chambers should hold a meeting, outlining some initial changes within the organization, as well as explaining what in the world would make the board m ake such decisions. Providing some transparency at the top would help build some trust from employees. It would be important to not dwell on the past, but to focus on the future. He should talk about how important it is that people focus on the increased productivity and services of the organization, as opposed to the past which was riddle with preferential treatment and poor business decisions.The opportunities here far outweigh negativity brought by employees entrenched in the previous culture. This is an opportunity to have the employees really concentrate and recommit to the mission and vision of the organization. Perhaps he could do a workshop outlining goals, and the mission/vision of the organization. The future of the organizations fiscal and organizational health lies in Freds ability to gain the trust of the employees and then steer them towards good work product output, expectations of advancement when warranted through good work, and perhaps some leaner times financiall y, if there need to be lay offs.Fred needs to make the employees feel as though they belong to an organization who works well together. Create a sense of belonging. This is how Yates succeeded in turning the culture in his way, and it wont be too difficult to do the same. Chambers also has a leg up when it comes to cost cutting. He will be able to outline to the entire organization that expenses such as trips, far away conferences and training will not be available to anyone, regardless of the reason or connection. This will allow people to see that Chambers will not play favorites, which has been an issue of concern in the past.It also tells the employees that there are financial concerns, and they should be cognizant of where they spend money. While there will be some initial push back, Chambers can and we believe will succeed. He has experience in running non profits he is a flavor professional in dealing with non-profit staff. Chambers should approach this challenge with the be lief that what one poor leader had done can be undone by a strong leader with a good understanding of the culture, the people, and a strong commitment to the success of the organization.

Politeness and Pragmatics in the Cross-Cultural Communication Essay Example for Free

Politeness and Pragmatics in the Cross-Cultural Communication EssayIntroductionIn this paper, we will examine the internal Order opening which was source introduced by Stephen Krashen in the late 1970s and 1980s. Krashen proposed the bite Language Acquisition theory with fin hypotheses. The Natural Order theory is a part of this due south talking to theory. This surmise claims that learners of secant language take on the grammatical structures in a sure way. It includes that nearly grammatical structures incurd inseparablely earlier than the others and this synchronization does non affected by the learners native language, age or any check of exposure. Using a case study approach we will observe whether this claim is valid in Bangladeshi context or not. To examine that how the Natural Order Hypothesis wee-wees in Bangladeshi context, we take up chosen approximately Bangladeshi people from different ages.Some the schoolchilds of first semester and certify se mester of University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh. We have asked them to answer some certain questions which have added in the last section. This paper is divided into several chapters. The first section of the paper introduces with the five hypotheses of Stephen Krashens Theory of Second Language Acquisition. The hypotheses atomic number 18 demonstrated one by one because all the hypotheses argon interrelated. This part is concluded with some main points of criticism nigh the Natural Order Hypothesis. The next section of the paper analyses our examinations about the hypothesis. It includes the Findings and Results of the study. The last section of the paper explains recommendations and conclusion where we have given our opinion.Krashens Theory of Second Language AcquisitionStephen Krashens Theory of Second Language Acquisition is well accepted widely in all atomic number 18as of second language look for and teaching since the 1980s. This theory consists of five hypotheses. Thes e are the Acquisition- reading Hypothesis, the proctor Hypothesis, the Natural Order Hypothesis, the Input Hypothesis and the emotive Filter Hypothesis. The explanations of these hypotheses are given below.The Acquisition-Learning HypothesisThe Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis states that there are cardinal ways todevelop second language proficiency for adult learners. One is skill system and another one is in condition(p) system. agree to Krashen, the acquisition system is a subconscious process. In this system, it is claimed that the development of the L2 proficiency goes through and through naturally. More like the way children acquire their first language. The learners acquire language without knowing about that acquisition is taking place.The main point is that learners develop proficiency through apply language in purposeful conversations where the focus is on meaning not in the rules of language. On the other hand, learned system is referred to knowing about language. A ccording to Krashen, the learned system is a conscious and explicit process. Through this system learners learn about the language as a conscious study of formal instructions. That means the two systems are totally opposite.Krashen states that acquisition is more of the essence(predicate) to develop second language proficiency. Learning dirty dognot lead to acquisition. He adds that conscious rule of learned system hardly performs as one function Monitor or editor. So the fallacy correction occurs in learned system which affects in learning language. But error cannot affect in case of acquiring language because in development of L2 proficiency, acquired system only gives learner a feel of error subconsciously.To demonstrate the Acquisition- Learning hypothesis, Krashen also denies about Noam Chomskys Language Acquisition Device (Device). Chomsky claims that humans are born with the instinct or innate facility for acquiring language. on that point is a black box in every persons brain and it acquires any language before puberty. Krashen disagrees and says that acquisition of second language can also happen aft(prenominal) puberty. He further explains that LAD also works for adult but that does not mean that adult will continuously acquire second language as native speaker. He claims that LAD function also works for adult second language acquisition.The distinction surrounded by acquisition system and learned system can be seen in the table given below.The Monitor HypothesisStephen Krashen explains in the Monitor Hypothesis that how acquisition and learning are used in second language performance. This hypothesis holds the theory that utterance in L2 is initiated by the acquired system at first and after that the learned system works if there is any carry of changes. Krashen includes that utterance of L2 happens generally through acquired linguistic competence. The role of learned system is work as a Monitor or editor. To use Monitor successfully, Krash en gives three conditions. These are time, focus of form and know the rule. 1. Time The first condition explains that the acquirer mustiness have enough time to apply the Monitor. The puzzle regarding this condition is, during normal conversation one cannot look after the time.If someone tries to use the Monitor he/she will fail to utter in right time or if someone tries to maintain the time he/she will fail to use the Monitor. The important part is that this condition can be use only in case of advanced acquirers who use Monitor occasionally. 2. Focus on Form The second condition instructs that the acquirers must focus on form of the language. The acquirers must think about the correctness of the form. But the problem is using Monitor with focusing on form is really tough. To maintain this condition one can lose the track whether he/she will Monitor what he/she is saying or he/she will Monitor how is he/she saying it.3. Know the rule The third condition is the acquirer must know the rule of language. It is very difficult condition to maintain because everyone does not know about all the rules. Even the best students may not know all the rules of the language which they are exposed to.So, these are the three conditions which drive to use Monitor successfully. But subsequent on Krashen has mentioned only about the focus on form and know therule. He did not mention about the first condition time.Learnt knowledge(Monitoring)Acquired knowledge OutputFigure Model of adult second language performanceOn the other hand, Krashen has explained about three individual differences regarding use of the Monitor though the difficulties of three conditions remain dissolved. According to him, there are three types of Monitor users. Monitor over-users, Monitor under- users and the Optimal Monitor users.1. Monitor over-users This type of people use the Monitor all the time. They always check their output with the conscious knowledge of the language. Krashen claims two causes f or this type of Monitor users. Firstly, they acquire language with the restriction of grammar instruction. Secondly, they may have acquired a good amount of second language but can not trust their acquired competence. That is why they always try check and cover their mistakes by using Monitor. So, they speak hesitantly and try to correct their utterances at the middle of a conversation.2. Monitor under users These types of people whether acquire language not learning or they do not prefer to use their conscious knowledge. Actually they do not use the conscious knowledge even when the three conditions are met. The self-correction happen only from a feel of correctness.3. The Optimal Monitor users The optimal users are the people who apply the Monitor when it is necessary and appropriate. They know how to combine their learned competence with their acquired competence. They never use the grammar rules in their regular conversation because it can throw in in their utterances. This typ e of users most of the time achieve like thenative speaker in writing and planned speech.The Natural Order HypothesisAccording to Krashen the Natural Order Hypothesis deals with the grammar structures. The hypothesis explains that grammatical structures are acquired in predictable order. This order does not follow any rules that the easier grammar rule will be at first and wherefore the complex one. It claims that there are some certain grammatical structures which acquired early by the learners of second language acquisition and then the others and it is for any given language. Krashen explains that the claim does not prove as 100% always, but there are some significant similarities. Krashen actually adopted this hypothesis from the study of Dulay and Burts study of what they called the order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes in English by five to eight year old children learning English as a second language (1974). They established a chart of morphemes for their study.So, Krashen adopt the idea of English morphemes and established his Natural Order Hypothesis. Krashen believed that there was no difference regarding the synchronization of the grammar structures. But later on Krashen develops his own idea about the order. He examines the study with both children and adults second language and illustrates the natural order of grammar structure according to his point of view.Table Average order of second language acquisition in English.In further interpretation about the Natural Order Hypothesis Krashen explains three facts. * Krashen claims that natural order cannot be changed. Teacher cannot change the order through drills or exercises. If a teacher tries to drill a certain rule for several weeks the result will be zero. Because the acquirer will only acquire language when it is ready to acquire the certain rule. This fact is very much related to the Affective Filter Hypothesis.* The natural order of grammar structures do not depend on any manifest f eature. It can go through complex to easier or easier to complex. Some rules acquired later which are quite simple. On the other hand some rues acquired earlier which wait to be difficult in structures. It shows that curriculum designers might face problem that which one they should put earlier and which one in later.* The third fact is that the natural order is not the teaching order. So, if someone predicts that through learning the grammar structures he or she will acquire language proficiency, he/she might wrong. Because Krashen applied the Natural Order Hypothesis to extend the idea of the Input Hypothesis. The Natural Order Hypothesis actually helps to know how the approachable input can be acquired one by one. So the learners will acquire the language in a natural order as a result of getting this comprehensible input.Criticism of Natural Order HypothesisKrashens Natural Order Hypothesis faces many criticisms about the predictable natural order in second language learners a cquisition of grammatical structure. His using of English morphemes as a model also causes criticisms. in that respect are some important criticisms which really index linguists to rethink about Krashens Natural Order Hypothesis. These are, * Krashen claims that all L2 learners adopt the same nature of acquiring language to attain proficiency. However there is some individuality between learners. Every learner does not go through the same order of morphemes tolearn grammar rules. Some adopts the-ing form at first and later on go through the other rules step by step. On the other hand some adopts the pronoun case (he/she, his/her etc.) at first. So, Krashens hypothesis does not concern about individuality.* Another criticism explains that all languages do not have the same morphemes. Some languages do not have the function of copula or definite/indefinite article. So as a result the learners from this type of languages face problem acquiring the morphemes though these are the simp lest one. The learners pick up the morpheme according to their first language acquisition. Here, Krashen actually totally overlooked the possibility of the influence of L1 on L2. On the other hand he also unheeded the role of negative and positive transferences.* Krashen claims that his model of natural order works for both adult and children. Critics raised questions about this generalization. That how did Krashen judge it as the both applied natural order for adult and children. Did the judgment was from instrument and task specific? A critic named Larsen-Freeman applied Krashens natural order model for both the adult second language learners and children second language learners and she found that the model really works but when she put it in some different tasks using different instruments, she could not found any similarity between adult learners score and children learners score. So, Krashens claim proved itself as unreliable because it does not work for every situation.So th ese are the criticisms regarding Krashens Natural Order Hypothesis. To evaluate our case study we have taken the help of these criticisms and we also found some problems in Bangladeshi context. The evaluation has given in the Analysis part.The Input HypothesisThe Input Hypothesis gives the answer of the question that how we acquire language. Regarding this hypothesis Krashen states that, the learners acquire language by understanding input which is slightly beyond theircompetence. He also adds that when the learners understand the messages of a language, they acquire language. The main theory of this hypothesis is i+1. Here i is learners present competence and i+1 is the input of the language which can be understood by the learners. Krashen calls this i+1 as the comprehensible input. He not only states that but also strongly claims that comprehending message can help to acquire language and there is no other fundagenial process of language acquisition. Another point he claims that l istening and reading comprehension are the primary important function of second language acquisition.There is one important point which should be noted that the Input Hypothesis and the Natural Order Hypothesis are interrelated. These two are combined to answer the question of how we move from one stage to another of acquisition. That means, Natural Order Hypothesis works for analyzing the Input Hypothesis that how learners move from i to i+1. The Natural Order Hypothesis helps to decide that which one should be the comprehensible input or i+1 in the classroom.There are two corollaries in the Input Hypothesis. These are, 1. The first corollary is that speaking is not the cause of language fluency but the result of language accuracy. It cannot be taught directly. It is acquired through comprehensible input.2. The second corollary is, if there is enough amount of comprehensible input the learner will automatically acquire competence from the teacher. There is no need to use grammar st ructure. That means there is no need to be finely tuned input which means the exact next grammar structure as i+1. It can also be roughly tuned input, like the nearer structures from the i.So, from this hypothesis we can understand that there is no need to use naught in acquiring language. The main important part is just to understand the messages. When we understand the messages of second language, the LAD starts to work. This is how we acquire language.The Affective Filter HypothesisThe Affective Filter Hypothesis describes us that how people face obstacles to acquire second language. It tells us about a carry named affective filter which works as an obstacle in the way of acquiring language. The affective filter does not work directly as a barrier but creates a mental pulley block in brain which prevents to acquire language. Krashen explains that if the affective filter is down then the comprehensible input reaches to the LAD and acquires competence but if the affective filter is up then the input does not reach to the LAD and acquisition does not happen.Krashen includes that there are some affective variables which control this affective filter. The affective variables include motivation, self-confidence and perplexity. This variables help to acquire second language very easily. But if someone has low motivation, low self-esteem and debilitating anxiety the student will face difficulties to acquire language. Because these low motivation, low self- esteem and anxiety will raise his affective filter and form a mental block which will become an obstacle to understand the input and acquire language.So, the Affective Filter Hypothesis helps to determine that why a specific learner faces problem in dealing the comprehensible input though he/she has reached a native- like competence. The main point is one should have motivation, self-confidence and low anxiety if he/she wants to acquire second language. Many critics raised question against Krashens Theory of Second Language Acquisition. Some of them are reliable and the rest of them are from anti- Krashenites. From our opinion, though Krashen has applied many statements to prove his theory but the Natural Order Hypothesis really lacks in reliable informations. The hypothesis could not particularise with our Bangladeshi context. The discussion has given in the next section.

Electromagnetic radiation Essay Example for Free

Electromagnetic radiation EssayElectromagnetic waves ar disturbances caused by the oscillation of charged particles. It consists of two parts, an electric content and a magnetic field oscillating perpendicular to each separate. The wave is self-sustaining, and propagates at a direction perpendicular to both the electric field and magnetic field. There is a self-colou red ink spectrum of electromagnetic waves. The mavens with the longest wavelengths (range 1 cm-1km) are the radio waves. After the radio waves, microwaves have the next longest wavelength (range 1mm-10cm).Then, we have the infrared waves (range 1m-1mm), followed by flatboat (range 400nm-700nm), ultraviolet rays (range 1nm-100nm), x-rays (range 0. 1nm-10nm), and gamma rays, which have the shortest wavelengths amongst the different electromagnetic radiations (range 0. 01nm-0. 1nm). b. How you follow the temperature, composition, and motion of an bearing from its light up spectrum? Different elements emit and absorb light waves differently. Hence, when viewed through a spectroscope, different elements impart have different ghostly patterns.The objects composition is obtained from noting which spectral lines are present or absent. We can also prepare the density of the object depending on the amount of lines present in the spectrum. The more lines and the more continuous the spectrum, the denser is the material. On the other hand, the temperature of the object will affect the shapes spectral lines emitted by the object. If objects have steep temperatures, their spectral lines will be broader, that is, it is spread over more frequencies than if it had lower temperature.To determine temperature, Finally, the Doppler Shift tells us the motion of the object, whether it is lamentable away or toward us, and with what speed. When the observed object is moving toward us, the spectral lines we observe occur at shorter wavelengths when we compare it to those measured in the laboratory. This is called blueshifted. On the other hand, if the object is moving away from us we observe the lines to occur at longer wavelengths. In this case we say that the lines are redshifted. The amount of shifting will determine the speed of motion. c.In what way do astronomers infer that the Suns energy comes from nuclear fusion reactions? How do we know it does not come from chemic burning? Even though both nuclear fusions and chemical substance reactions result in the release of energy, nuclear fusions release much more energy than chemical reactions. This is due to the nature of each reaction. Given that the energy that the lie produces is extremely high, it is impossible that chemical reactions are fuelling it, for if that were the case, then the sun will not be producing enough energy to sustain vivification on Earth.If it were chemical reactions powering it, it would be producing roughly one-millionth of the energy it is producing now. d. Explain how the Sun produces energy by nuc lear fusion. Because of the amount of matter present in the sun, it is in danger of imploding. What keeps this from happening, however, is the nuclear fusion that occurs in its core, which is so hot because of the pressure from its band that is being pulled inward by gravity. In the core, hydrogen nuclei are forced to come together. This fusion creates helium-4 and energy.Since the resulting He-4 atoms are less massive than the initial hydrogen atoms that fused together, the missing mass is what was transformed into energy. This is best explained by the most famous equation in Physics, E=mc2, which states the equivalence of mass and energy. e. When we look at stars in the sky, we see a wide range of brightness. Explain the factors that would make one star appear brighter than another. There are two factors that affect the brightness of stars in the sky. The first one is the inherent characteristic of the star, which dictates how absolutely bright or luminous it will be.The second f actor that affects the way we see stars is their distance from the earth. The farther they are, the dimmer they would appear. This is because the light they emit would need to pass through interstellar matter that could disperse, absorb or reflect the light in different directions. f. Compare the Sun with other stars. The Sun is called such by virtue of its position, that is, it is in the center of the solar system. Technically, however, the sun is also a star. It differs from other stars in its size, temperature, age, and color. The Sun is a shadow star, some 4.5 billion years old, and is classified as yellow, which means that it has an average temperature of about 6000 K. Hotter stars are classified as blue-white, while cooler stars are red. g. Consider a star at the upper part of the of import sequence (label it Star A) and a star in the lower part of the main sequence (label it Star B). Which is 1) Larger? Star A 2) More luminous? Star A 3) More massive? Star A 4) Hotter? Sta r A h. Compare the breeding spans of low mass stars and high mass stars. Explain why they are different. The life span of low mass stars is longer than the life spans of high mass stars.The reason for this is that the higher the mass of the star, the more hydrogen is needed to undergo fusion to keep the star from collapsing under its own gravitational force. i. What would an imaginary terrestrial observer see as the Sun runs out of hydrogen? If life is confined to Earth when this happens, would life perish from heat or from cold? Explain. As the Sun runs out of hydrogen fuel, it will start consuming helium. This leads to the sun increasing in radius, eventually turning it into a red giant. When this happens, the sun will grow so large that it can engulf the earth.Life on Earth would perish from extreme heat. When the helium runs out, however, the sun will shrink to a white dwarf. The reason for this is that the sun is too small to continue burning elements larger than helium. j. Wh at considerate of stars eventually become white dwarfs? What kind eventually become supernovae? What will be the ultimate fate of the Sun? Why? A white dwarf is an extremely dense star, with the mass of the sun and the size of the earth. It is composed of the remnants of stellar matter, which is mostly carbon and oxygen. In order to turn into a white dwarf, stars need to have a size of about 0.07-10 times that of the sun. On the other hand, a supernova is formed when a massive star consumes all of its nuclear fuel and thus collapses under its gravitational field. Because of the high gravitational force that causes its collapse, the dead star suddenly explodes. A star that is about 8-10 times more massive than the sun will end its life as a supernova. The ultimate fate of the sun is to become a white dwarf. The reason for this is that the sun is not very massive to turn into a supernova, thus lacking the critical mass that would cause it to collapse under its own weight.

Comparison of the Egyptian Pyramids and Roman Colosseum

Comparison of the Egyptian Pyramids and Roman ColosseumChris FlathmannWhether it be avatar, material, purpose, or significance, e genuinely piece of architecture is uniquely similar and uniquely different to every other piece. Despite being separated by both time and culture, the Roman Colosseum and the Egyptian Pyramids of Giza birth both unique similarities and differences to each other. standardised most cultures, Roman architecture tends to derive some elements from previous cultures much(prenominal) as the Egyptian culture. The main similarities in the midst of the Colosseum and the Pyramids can be seen in the material used in edifice due to similar natural recourses however, the historical context and purpose of both theology and entertainment differentiate the two cultures architectureBoth the Colosseum and Pyramids are great milestones not only in the world of architecture but alike engineering. Like most cultures, both Roman and Egyptian architecture tends to use n atural resources as materials in construction. The materials used by each culture can be explained by looking at the topography in which they reside. Since Egyptian culture earlier resided in desert regions near running water sources, materials such as limestone were hard abundant and frequently used in construction. Due to the availability of water for some Egyptian cultures, clay would also be used. Both materials become everyday not only because of their abundance but also their support strength and insulating properties. Romans also preferred using more local materials such as mortar, lime, clay, tuff, and travertine however, Romans bent themselves apart by developing cement for the purposes of construction.1 The benefit of using cement for construction is the ease of formation. Even though both cultures had both similar resources, their construction process was highly different.In terms of visual characteristics, the Pyramids of Giza and the Roman Colosseum could not be fur ther apart. The Pyramids of Giza are four sided with triangular faces. The Colosseum utilizes a circular shape to allow 360o spectating. Although the Colosseum uses the newly develop arch for support, many classical elements are withal incorporated into it. One of the most noticeable aesthetic aspects of the Colosseum is the use of two-fold different types of columns including Ionic and Corinthian. The Colosseum is also designed in layers with each layer consisting of a different type of column in order to show mix in architectural elements. On the other hand, the Pyramids of Giza are closed up and use flat faces rather than rounded construction. Although the exterior of the Pyramids of Giza appear plain, the true port of Egyptian culture can be seen on the inside. Burial chambers located inside the Pyramids were decorated with not only elaborate paintings but also prized possessions of the dead. This tendency to decorate interiors shows the importance that the afterlife played in Egyptian culture.Both the Colosseum and the Pyramids have become symbols of ancient civilization for both Rome and Egypt. The Roman Colosseum exemplifies the well-being and desires of the Roman people. Under emperor Vespasian, construction of the Colosseum began in order to reestablish the prominence of Roman rule after the death of Nero. This construction was started in order to celebrate the reestablishment of the empire and multiple militaristic victories. The Colosseum was primarily used for entertainment when it was first finished under emperor Titus.2A large society necessitate entertainment in order to keep happy citizens. The Roman people were very big into entertainment and extravagant shows these vices were catered to by functions held in the Colosseum such as gladiator fights and fights against animals in order to show the strength of Romes citizens. This is the Primary difference between the Colosseum and the Pyramids. The Pyramids were primarily built in dedication to pharaohs who were considered gods and would need a resting set out for the afterlife. Although Rome used architecture to show the power of its society, Egypt used it to show the power of its leaders. The Pyramids were also single use buildings that were used for entombment places for fallen pharaohs such as Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaura. The Pyramids of Giza not only acted as burial places for pharaohs but also their families. These tombs would even be decorated and furnished for the dead to enjoy in the afterlife.3 Since the pyramids were burial places, most were sealed off to the public. One the other hand, the Colosseum saw heavy use after its construction due to events so it was given a very open design to accommodate for large amounts of people. These differences show how cultural differences can result in major changes for both the purpose and the design of a building.The Egyptian Pyramids and Roman Colosseum show how a pieces of architectures building materials and constru ction process and heavily differ based on the purpose and historical context under which they were constructed. period Roman Culture primarily used architecture utilized large public space, the Egyptians tendency to dedicate buildings leaders led to large private constructions that were primarily used for display and spiritual purposes. Both the geographical and topographical separation between Egypt and Rome allowed Rome to create a unique style that still drew small elements from ancient cultures such as Egypt.Vespasian Titus Domitian, Roman Colosseum, 70 AD, Architecture (cement, Lime, Tile, etc)Unknown, Pyramids of Giza, c. 2325 BC, Architecture (Limestone, clay)1 The-Colosseum.net. Materials. cited 2/14 2017. Available from http//www.the-Colosseum.net/architecture/materials_en.htm.2 The-Colosseum.net. Materials. cited 2/14 2017. Available from http//www.the-Colosseum.net/architecture/materials_en.htm.3 The Editors of Encyclopedia Britanica. Pyramids of giza. in Britanica datab ase online. 2016 cited 2/15 2017. Available from https//www.britannica.com/topic/Pyramids-of-Giza.